![]() Ancient Mediterranean Poetsīoth Homer and Hesiod described a flat disc cosmography on the Shield of Achilles. The Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts of ancient Egypt show a similar cosmography Nun (the Ocean) encircled nbwt (“dry lands” or “Islands”). A similar model is found in the Homeric account from the 8th century BC in which “Okeanos, the personified body of water surrounding the circular surface of the Earth, is the begetter of all life and possibly of all gods.” The Israelites imagined the Earth as a flat disc that floated on water an arced firmament separated the Earth from the heavens. In early Egyptian and Mesopotamian thought, the world was portrayed as a disk floating in the ocean. Imago Mundi Babylonian map, the oldest known world map, 6th century BC Babylonia Historical development for the flat Earth theory Ancient West Asia Theories espoused by modern flat Earth societies are commonly labeled pseudoscience. Knowledge of the spherical Earth gradually began to spread beyond the Hellenistic world from then on. Aristotle provided evidence for the spherical shape of the Earth on empirical grounds by around 330 BC. The idea of a spherical Earth appeared in Greek philosophy with Pythagoras (6th century BC), although most pre-Socratics (6th – 5th century BC) retained the flat Earth model. That paradigm was also typically held in the aboriginal cultures of the Americas, and the notion of a flat Earth domed by the firmament in the shape of an inverted bowl was common in pre-scientific societies. Many ancient cultures subscribed to a flat Earth cosmography, including Greece until the classical period, the Bronze Age and Iron Age civilizations of the Near East until the Hellenistic period, India until the Gupta period (early centuries AD), and China until the 17th century. The flat Earth model is an archaic conception of Earth‘s shape as a plane or disk.
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